---
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title: "Free Will [Deckle Edge]"
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---

# Free Will [Deckle Edge]

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From the New York Times bestselling author of The End of Faith , a thought-provoking, "brilliant and witty" (Oliver Sacks) look at the notion of free will —and the implications that it is an illusion. A belief in free will touches nearly everything that human beings value. It is difficult to think about law, politics, religion, public policy, intimate relationships, morality—as well as feelings of remorse or personal achievement—without first imagining that every person is the true source of his or her thoughts and actions. And yet the facts tell us that free will is an illusion. In this enlightening book, Sam Harris argues that this truth about the human mind does not undermine morality or diminish the importance of social and political freedom, but it can and should change the way we think about some of the most important questions in life.

Review: Powerful and Pervasive - Don't be fooled by the length of this book, it packs a riveting punch. Think about everything you know about yourself: the choices you've made in life, your feelings and notions, even your mood, and then throw it all away. Sam Harris' bold monograph facilitates this very notion with cogent language, opening your eyes to the nebulas realm of unconsciousness, decision-making, efforts, and intentions. This review is meant to evaluate Free Will and convince you that this book is worthwhile to read. That is, if you are ready to hear what Dr. Harris has to say. Probably the most impressive aspect of this book is its ability to capture the difficult concept of free will, and articulate it with such finesse that the mundane individual can grasp its meaning. In fact, Free Will's main objective is to destroy this idea of autonomy that has been ingrained in basic human culture. The question of free will "touches nearly everything we care about". The subject of this book is so relevant that according to the author, "if the scientific community were to declare free will an illusion, it would precipitate a culture war far more belligerent than the one that has been waged on the subject of evolution". Free Will's concise structure makes this book encouraging to read, despite its controversial material. With a degree in philosophy from Stanford University, and a Ph.D. in neuroscience, Dr. Harris is well equipped to enlighten us on such a challenging topic. The book is divided into eight thought out chapters that does a good job of first establishing the relevancy of its subject and then systematically breaking down the "illusion" of free will by attacking it from various angles. Here I have a brief description and opinion on some of the important parts of the book: Introduction Free Will's introduction is unsurprisingly brave and captivating. He acknowledges that the claims he makes will undoubtedly receive criticism, and that most people will "find his conclusions abhorrent". So, in order to allure his skeptical audience on such a contentious topic, Dr. Harris uses an equally controversial example on how free will is just an illusion: the Cheshire murders of the Petit family. If you are an individual with a weak stomach, vivid imagination, and sensitive heart, I advise you skip over this part of the book. He is defending the criminals involved in Cheshire murders who were also convicted of rape and abuse. He strives to reduce these acts of blatant horror and moral disregard to products of uncontrollable experience combined with plain neurological mechanisms. Essentially, Dr. Harris says that the murder and rape of Dr. William Petit's wife and two young daughters was not their fault. If this is not enough to catch your attention, I would question your sense of basic human empathy. Ch. 1-The Unconscious Origins of the Will Free will is an illusion. This idea is repeated to the reader consistently throughout the book and is the central point that the author strives to drive home. How Dr. Harris relays this idea and tries to disabuse us of a concept that has been so instilled in our mentality is remarkable. Using examples relatable in everyday situations, he intelligibly picks apart our idea that we actually have a freedom of choice. He says, "Our sense of free will results from a failure to understand this: We do not know what we intend to do until the intention itself arises". Where does this intention originate? Dr. Harris claims it comes from our unconsciousness and bolsters his claim with some solid experimental evidence. He boldly states that scientists can have the ability to know what you're about to do seconds before you actually do it. Basically, scientists can read your mind. Read to find out the revealing nature of this evidence. Ch. 2-Changing the Subject In this chapter, Dr. Harris switches gears and gives respect to the cohorts out there dedicated to this debate of free will. He mentions the three major philosophical approaches to this issue: determinism, libertarianism, and compatibilism. I appreciate this chapter because for a moment, Dr. Harris separates himself from his personal opinion on the matter, and gives respect to the contending opinions as well. Though later on in his essay, Dr. Harris debunks these philosophies, he gives the reader an opportunity to understand the different opinions on the matter and form his own stance with object descriptions for each branch. Ch. 3-Cause and Effect This is perhaps the most scientific portion of the book. "In physical terms, we know that every human action can be reduced to a series of impersonal events: Genes are transcribed, neurotransmitters bind to their receptors, muscle fibers contract, and John Doe pulls the trigger on his gun." What does Dr. Harris describe here exactly? Did he just attribute a seemingly immoral act to plain products of physical mechanisms? Does he believe that the injustice in John Doe's acts lies not in his punitive outcome from the legal system but actually in the nature of the legal system itself? Does Mr. Doe deserve a punishment, or does Dr. Harris infer that if anyone (or anything) were to blame, it would be the simple, impersonal neurological mechanisms in the brain that were not in John's control? Read to find out how the author intriguingly develops his argument. Ch. 5-Might the Truth Be Bad for Us? My favorite part of the book involves the author defending how destroying our current idea of free will will not negatively affect the way humans progress through life. In a sense, this is also the most important aspect of the book, for if free will were a necessary illusion, our revilement to it will direct us towards a wrongful path. "Many people worry that free will is a necessary illusion-and that without it we will fail to live creative and fulfilling lives...One study found that having subjects read an argument against free will made them more likely to cheat on a subsequent exam. Another found such subjects to be less helpful and more aggressive." It is apparent that a world without free will is like a guilt-free pass into wrongful doings, but Dr. Harris maintains his stance that our exposure to the "truth" will not be harmful. "It is surely conceivable that knowing certain truths about he human mind could have unfortunate psychological and/or cultural consequences. However, I am not worried about degrading the morality of my readers by publishing this book." Actually, he boasts that losing the sense of free will has only boosted his ethics and increased his feelings of compassion and forgiveness, and diminished his sense of entitlement to "the fruits of [his] own good luck." How does this make sense? Read the books to learn his clear and logical thought process. The rest of the book is dedicated to our moral responsibility given this convincing argument Dr. Harris lays out on the table, touching on politics, law, religion, public policy, and much more. If you have a few hours to spend, and are feeling intellectually adventurous, I recommend this book. I cannot think of another book so concise, yet so powerful. Beware that the topic discussed in this book is not one for light reading, but one for thought provoking. Read it with an open mind and you will absorb a unique perspective on human nature articulated nicely by a bright scientist well suited for such a topic.
Review: Good explanation of the Free Will Debate but some flaws - Harris encapsulates the primary concepts of free will as they stand today. I feel does misrepresent philosophers wrestling with this issue as there are good deal of philosophers who might disagree with his opinions here. Harris is what some might call a hard determinist and yet throughout the book he uses "choice-type" language, thus potentially unraveling his own case. All of this is not to say Harris is at fault (especially if we have free will, right?) because it seems that his influence is largely from the scientific thinkers on this subject (i.e., similar to materialistic philosophy type view). Basically, the initial argument (never directly stated in his book) against free will is as follows: (1) We are human beings with a structure / brain etc... that are made of composition of nature's materials... i.e., we are essentially products of nature (2) if you were to combine those materials in the right way, presumably we could create a human/AI that responded with appearances of free will... This could be by birth as we have done or by other scientific means etc. (3) the appearance of such free will is an illusion because we are merely products if nature still and thus the case against free will follows from points (4), (5) and conclusion (6) (4) Nature, at a large scale (Neutonian), is deterministic (5) At a small scale (quantum mechanics), it is arguably random (6) Either way, we have no free will. Harris includes several chapters in his short, well-written book directly addressing points (4), (5), (6) and while I don't necessarily think that the prior assumptions are needed to express the point, I think they are needed to fully engage with the material / debate over free will. While I believe religion to be a separate issue and fully agree with Harris's idea of being more empathetic and compassionate towards people in general, I don't believe we need to reject free will to do this. Harris does, or seems to. I think we can be empathetic toward others, just by recognizing that we are not always in full conscious control of our desires and our choices. This doesn't mean we have no agency in those choices however and the reason I believe this is because the "illusion" of free will as Harris puts it is so strong that even Harris has to jump around near the end of the book to explain how such a deterministic view can actually be more freeing. In many other, even deeply held intuitions we don't have this "aftermath" of loss feeling after such a switch in belief is introduced (save religion). And such loss cannot easily be explained away (for instance in religion beliefs and strongly held political beliefs a person might feel a loss of community... Feeling of belonging). From the free will perspective, a loss of this is a deeply troubling denial of the individual. This denial of individual is a point which Harris alludes to when mentioning studies about how people feel more compelled to cheat when having to explain beforehand how the universe and by extension their own actions are not free. And again, Harris mentions the objection of fatalism belief systems which (forgiving my ignorance) I'm not as of yet able to distinguish between hard deterministic beliefs and fatalism. Harris doesn't satisfactorily answer any of this. Scientific materialism and the extension to belief in the lack of free will falls into a category of dangerous ideas which are not necessary to hold to keep science progressing forward. In the treatment of religion and the defining and redefining of atheism (in order to avoid a burden of proof issue), atheists (depending on how its defined) lack a belief in a deist or god. This puts the burden on anyone positively claiming there is one. Here, Harris given inconclusive evidence willing accepts the burden of proof which he fails to meet. Instead claiming that those who would say we have free will must show that we have conscious control over all (all?) of our biological processes, a view which I find untenable. Imagine we are in a prison cell. Could we not walk around? Could we not think what we want? Sing? Bang our heads against the cell bars? Try to escape? Etc ... The mind is like this prison. We still will what we want within its limits. The fact that it has limits, is the reason I believe people deserve compassion to some degree. But do we really feel as empathetic toward the person who has a great life but decides to murder someone vs the person who is abused and has a terrible life and does the same? Consciousness is (almost) universally shared and perhaps an axiomatic fact of human existence. Some things, like consciousness, defy explanation. Consciousness is not like other natural phenomenon, neither is free will. In areas that lack sufficient evidence, the scientific/intellectual thing to do is hold an open-ended belief, in psychology, as Harris discusses, the prudent thing to do appears to be to hold a belief in your own autonomy and your free will.

## Technical Specifications

| Specification | Value |
|---------------|-------|
| Best Sellers Rank | #31,387 in Books ( See Top 100 in Books ) #7 in Sociology & Religion #8 in Free Will & Determinism Philosophy #94 in History & Philosophy of Science (Books) |
| Customer Reviews | 4.3 out of 5 stars 5,269 Reviews |

## Images

![Free Will [Deckle Edge] - Image 1](https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/81owPDCGqKL.jpg)

## Customer Reviews

### ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Powerful and Pervasive
*by A***S on September 29, 2013*

Don't be fooled by the length of this book, it packs a riveting punch. Think about everything you know about yourself: the choices you've made in life, your feelings and notions, even your mood, and then throw it all away. Sam Harris' bold monograph facilitates this very notion with cogent language, opening your eyes to the nebulas realm of unconsciousness, decision-making, efforts, and intentions. This review is meant to evaluate Free Will and convince you that this book is worthwhile to read. That is, if you are ready to hear what Dr. Harris has to say. Probably the most impressive aspect of this book is its ability to capture the difficult concept of free will, and articulate it with such finesse that the mundane individual can grasp its meaning. In fact, Free Will's main objective is to destroy this idea of autonomy that has been ingrained in basic human culture. The question of free will "touches nearly everything we care about". The subject of this book is so relevant that according to the author, "if the scientific community were to declare free will an illusion, it would precipitate a culture war far more belligerent than the one that has been waged on the subject of evolution". Free Will's concise structure makes this book encouraging to read, despite its controversial material. With a degree in philosophy from Stanford University, and a Ph.D. in neuroscience, Dr. Harris is well equipped to enlighten us on such a challenging topic. The book is divided into eight thought out chapters that does a good job of first establishing the relevancy of its subject and then systematically breaking down the "illusion" of free will by attacking it from various angles. Here I have a brief description and opinion on some of the important parts of the book: Introduction Free Will's introduction is unsurprisingly brave and captivating. He acknowledges that the claims he makes will undoubtedly receive criticism, and that most people will "find his conclusions abhorrent". So, in order to allure his skeptical audience on such a contentious topic, Dr. Harris uses an equally controversial example on how free will is just an illusion: the Cheshire murders of the Petit family. If you are an individual with a weak stomach, vivid imagination, and sensitive heart, I advise you skip over this part of the book. He is defending the criminals involved in Cheshire murders who were also convicted of rape and abuse. He strives to reduce these acts of blatant horror and moral disregard to products of uncontrollable experience combined with plain neurological mechanisms. Essentially, Dr. Harris says that the murder and rape of Dr. William Petit's wife and two young daughters was not their fault. If this is not enough to catch your attention, I would question your sense of basic human empathy. Ch. 1-The Unconscious Origins of the Will Free will is an illusion. This idea is repeated to the reader consistently throughout the book and is the central point that the author strives to drive home. How Dr. Harris relays this idea and tries to disabuse us of a concept that has been so instilled in our mentality is remarkable. Using examples relatable in everyday situations, he intelligibly picks apart our idea that we actually have a freedom of choice. He says, "Our sense of free will results from a failure to understand this: We do not know what we intend to do until the intention itself arises". Where does this intention originate? Dr. Harris claims it comes from our unconsciousness and bolsters his claim with some solid experimental evidence. He boldly states that scientists can have the ability to know what you're about to do seconds before you actually do it. Basically, scientists can read your mind. Read to find out the revealing nature of this evidence. Ch. 2-Changing the Subject In this chapter, Dr. Harris switches gears and gives respect to the cohorts out there dedicated to this debate of free will. He mentions the three major philosophical approaches to this issue: determinism, libertarianism, and compatibilism. I appreciate this chapter because for a moment, Dr. Harris separates himself from his personal opinion on the matter, and gives respect to the contending opinions as well. Though later on in his essay, Dr. Harris debunks these philosophies, he gives the reader an opportunity to understand the different opinions on the matter and form his own stance with object descriptions for each branch. Ch. 3-Cause and Effect This is perhaps the most scientific portion of the book. "In physical terms, we know that every human action can be reduced to a series of impersonal events: Genes are transcribed, neurotransmitters bind to their receptors, muscle fibers contract, and John Doe pulls the trigger on his gun." What does Dr. Harris describe here exactly? Did he just attribute a seemingly immoral act to plain products of physical mechanisms? Does he believe that the injustice in John Doe's acts lies not in his punitive outcome from the legal system but actually in the nature of the legal system itself? Does Mr. Doe deserve a punishment, or does Dr. Harris infer that if anyone (or anything) were to blame, it would be the simple, impersonal neurological mechanisms in the brain that were not in John's control? Read to find out how the author intriguingly develops his argument. Ch. 5-Might the Truth Be Bad for Us? My favorite part of the book involves the author defending how destroying our current idea of free will will not negatively affect the way humans progress through life. In a sense, this is also the most important aspect of the book, for if free will were a necessary illusion, our revilement to it will direct us towards a wrongful path. "Many people worry that free will is a necessary illusion-and that without it we will fail to live creative and fulfilling lives...One study found that having subjects read an argument against free will made them more likely to cheat on a subsequent exam. Another found such subjects to be less helpful and more aggressive." It is apparent that a world without free will is like a guilt-free pass into wrongful doings, but Dr. Harris maintains his stance that our exposure to the "truth" will not be harmful. "It is surely conceivable that knowing certain truths about he human mind could have unfortunate psychological and/or cultural consequences. However, I am not worried about degrading the morality of my readers by publishing this book." Actually, he boasts that losing the sense of free will has only boosted his ethics and increased his feelings of compassion and forgiveness, and diminished his sense of entitlement to "the fruits of [his] own good luck." How does this make sense? Read the books to learn his clear and logical thought process. The rest of the book is dedicated to our moral responsibility given this convincing argument Dr. Harris lays out on the table, touching on politics, law, religion, public policy, and much more. If you have a few hours to spend, and are feeling intellectually adventurous, I recommend this book. I cannot think of another book so concise, yet so powerful. Beware that the topic discussed in this book is not one for light reading, but one for thought provoking. Read it with an open mind and you will absorb a unique perspective on human nature articulated nicely by a bright scientist well suited for such a topic.

### ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Good explanation of the Free Will Debate but some flaws
*by J***N on August 20, 2020*

Harris encapsulates the primary concepts of free will as they stand today. I feel does misrepresent philosophers wrestling with this issue as there are good deal of philosophers who might disagree with his opinions here. Harris is what some might call a hard determinist and yet throughout the book he uses "choice-type" language, thus potentially unraveling his own case. All of this is not to say Harris is at fault (especially if we have free will, right?) because it seems that his influence is largely from the scientific thinkers on this subject (i.e., similar to materialistic philosophy type view). Basically, the initial argument (never directly stated in his book) against free will is as follows: (1) We are human beings with a structure / brain etc... that are made of composition of nature's materials... i.e., we are essentially products of nature (2) if you were to combine those materials in the right way, presumably we could create a human/AI that responded with appearances of free will... This could be by birth as we have done or by other scientific means etc. (3) the appearance of such free will is an illusion because we are merely products if nature still and thus the case against free will follows from points (4), (5) and conclusion (6) (4) Nature, at a large scale (Neutonian), is deterministic (5) At a small scale (quantum mechanics), it is arguably random (6) Either way, we have no free will. Harris includes several chapters in his short, well-written book directly addressing points (4), (5), (6) and while I don't necessarily think that the prior assumptions are needed to express the point, I think they are needed to fully engage with the material / debate over free will. While I believe religion to be a separate issue and fully agree with Harris's idea of being more empathetic and compassionate towards people in general, I don't believe we need to reject free will to do this. Harris does, or seems to. I think we can be empathetic toward others, just by recognizing that we are not always in full conscious control of our desires and our choices. This doesn't mean we have no agency in those choices however and the reason I believe this is because the "illusion" of free will as Harris puts it is so strong that even Harris has to jump around near the end of the book to explain how such a deterministic view can actually be more freeing. In many other, even deeply held intuitions we don't have this "aftermath" of loss feeling after such a switch in belief is introduced (save religion). And such loss cannot easily be explained away (for instance in religion beliefs and strongly held political beliefs a person might feel a loss of community... Feeling of belonging). From the free will perspective, a loss of this is a deeply troubling denial of the individual. This denial of individual is a point which Harris alludes to when mentioning studies about how people feel more compelled to cheat when having to explain beforehand how the universe and by extension their own actions are not free. And again, Harris mentions the objection of fatalism belief systems which (forgiving my ignorance) I'm not as of yet able to distinguish between hard deterministic beliefs and fatalism. Harris doesn't satisfactorily answer any of this. Scientific materialism and the extension to belief in the lack of free will falls into a category of dangerous ideas which are not necessary to hold to keep science progressing forward. In the treatment of religion and the defining and redefining of atheism (in order to avoid a burden of proof issue), atheists (depending on how its defined) lack a belief in a deist or god. This puts the burden on anyone positively claiming there is one. Here, Harris given inconclusive evidence willing accepts the burden of proof which he fails to meet. Instead claiming that those who would say we have free will must show that we have conscious control over all (all?) of our biological processes, a view which I find untenable. Imagine we are in a prison cell. Could we not walk around? Could we not think what we want? Sing? Bang our heads against the cell bars? Try to escape? Etc ... The mind is like this prison. We still will what we want within its limits. The fact that it has limits, is the reason I believe people deserve compassion to some degree. But do we really feel as empathetic toward the person who has a great life but decides to murder someone vs the person who is abused and has a terrible life and does the same? Consciousness is (almost) universally shared and perhaps an axiomatic fact of human existence. Some things, like consciousness, defy explanation. Consciousness is not like other natural phenomenon, neither is free will. In areas that lack sufficient evidence, the scientific/intellectual thing to do is hold an open-ended belief, in psychology, as Harris discusses, the prudent thing to do appears to be to hold a belief in your own autonomy and your free will.

### ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Superb!!
*by B***K on March 6, 2012*

Free Will by Sam Harris "Free Will" is the persuasive essay that makes the compelling case that free will is an illusion. Free will is intuitively understood but a difficult concept to master. Dr. Harris systematically, and with few precise words destroys the notion of the concept of free will. With a degree in philosophy and a doctorate degree in neuroscience and the innate ability to convey difficult concepts to the layperson, Dr. Harris is best suited to enlighten us on such a challenging topic. This 96-page book is composed of the following eight chapters: 1. The Unconscious Origins of the Will, 2. Changing the Subject, 3. Cause and Effect, 4. Choices, Efforts, Intentions, 5. Might the Truth Be Bad for Us?, 6. Moral Responsibility, 7. Politics, and 8. Conclusion. Positives: 1. Fascinating topic in the hands of a great thinker. 2. Profound without being unintelligible. Elegant and accessible prose. 3. Does a great job of dissecting free will. The author systematically beaks down the concept of free will by attacking it from various angles. 4. More so than his previous great essay "Lying" he makes more use of his scientific background. He relays studies that support his arguments. 5. The illusion of being in control is a concept that Dr. Harris masterfully destroys. 6. The author differentiates voluntary and involuntary actions. 7. Great quotes, "Our sense of free will results from a failure to understand this: We do not know what we intend to do until the intention itself arises". 8. A discussion on the three main philosophical approaches: determinism, libertarianism, and compatibilism. 9. Great examples that help the reader comprehend the challenging concept of free will. 10. Classic Harris eloquence, "How can we be `free' as conscious agents if everything that we consciously intend is caused by events in our brains that we do not intend and of which we are entirely unaware? We can't". 11. Does quantum mechanics provide a foothold for free will? Find out. 12. Does the process of conscious deliberation provide a foundation for free will? Find out. 13. Do we really control our minds? Once again, the mastery of Dr. Harris continues. 14. The implications of not having a free will. Great points! 15. A fascinating discussion on the level of responsibility. 16. How does a retributive judicial system fit in all this? 17. Free will within a religious framework. 18. Free will and politics. 19. A final chapter that brings everything together. 20. Links worked great on the Kindle. 21. Brief, powerful essay that can be read multiple times. Negatives: 1. My only discomfort with the essay is the casual use of the term soul. I understand that Dr. Harris does not accept the soul as an empirical concept and may have used the term as a metaphor (equating it to the brain in one instance) but I prefer leaving out all supernatural terms unless properly defined. 2. Some topics are introduced briefly and leave you wanting more, isn't that always the case with Dr. Harris? 3. Having to wait for Dr. Harris's next intellectual contribution. In summary, what makes this essay great is that the more you read the more you get out of it. It's a profound essay that is easy to follow but is hard to master. It is so rewarding to read interesting topics from great minds. This essay is the ultimate appetizer, delicious and with an everlasting aftertaste. Free will is not an easy concept to understand but a worthwhile pursuit to endeavor and Dr. Harris makes the journey a fulfilling one. I can't recommend this brief book enough, highly recommended. Further suggestions: " The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values " by the same author, " Who's in Charge?: Free Will and the Science of the Brain " by Michael S. Gazzaniga, " The Myth of Free Will, Revised & Expanded Edition " by Cris Evatt, " The Problem Of The Soul: Two Visions Of Mind And How To Reconcile Them " by Owen Flanagan, " Braintrust: What Neuroscience Tells Us about Morality " by Patricia S. Churchland, " The Brain and the Meaning of Life " by Paul Thagard, " Mistakes Were Made (But Not by Me): Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions, and Hurtful Acts )" by Carol Tavris, " Hardwired Behavior: What Neuroscience Reveals about Morality " by Lawrence Tancredi, and the " The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature " by Steven Pinker.

## Frequently Bought Together

- Free Will [Deckle Edge]
- Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion
- Lying

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